Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Background........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Literature review................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Past taxonomic and phylogenetic treatments..................................................................................................................................... 8 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Ingroup taxon sampling ................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Outgroup taxon sampling ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Collection Coden List ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Morphological characters ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Imaging, dissections, and distributions............................................................................................................................................ 14 Phylogenetic analysis....................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Results and discussion ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Phylogenetic results and discussion................................................................................................................................................. 16 Outgroup placements ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Ingroup placements.......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Biogeographic considerations and fossil evidence .......................................................................................................................... 23 Family Cicadellidae Latreille ................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Subfamily Ledrinae Fairmaire ................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Key to the tribes of Ledrinae .................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Tribe Afrorubrini Jones, new tribe ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 Key to the genera of Afrorubrini ............................................................................................................................................................ 27 Genus Afrorubria Linnavuori ......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Genus Sichaea Stål .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Tribe Hespenedrini Jones, new tribe....................................................................................................................................................... 29 Genus Hespenedra Kramer ............................................................................................................................................................. 30 Tribe Ledrini ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Key to selected genera of Ledrini........................................................................................................................................................... 32 Genus Arenoledra Kuoh ................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Genus Beniledra Linnavuori ........................................................................................................................................................... 34 Genus Chatura Distant ................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Genus Complanledra Cai .............................................................................................................................................................. 35 Genus Confucius Distant ................................................................................................................................................................ 36 Genus Destinia Nast ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Genus Destinoides Cai and He ........................................................................................................................................................ 38 Genus Dusuna Distant .................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Genus Eleazara Distant .................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Genus Ezrana Distant ..................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Genus Funkikonia Kato .................................................................................................................................................................. 41 Genus Hangklipia Linnavuori ........................................................................................................................................................ 42 Genus Jukaruka Distant .................................................................................................................................................................. 42 Genus Kuohledra Cai and He ......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Genus Laticorona Cai ..................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Genus Latycephala McKamey ....................................................................................................................................................... 45 Genus Ledra Fabricius .................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Genus Ledropsella Evans ............................................................................................................................................................... 47 Genus Ledropsis White ................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Genus Midoria Kato ....................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Genus Neotituria Kato .................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Genus Paraconfucius Cai ............................................................................................................................................................... 50 Genus Parapetalocephala Kato ...................................................................................................................................................... 51